Contributors to the first edition
The following individuals contributed chapters to the original edition of Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, which was edited by Dr. Bernhard Grzimek, Professor, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Germany; Director, Frankfurt Zoological Garden, Germany;
and Trustee, Tanzanian National Parks, Tanzania.
Dr. Michael Abs Curator, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Dr. Salim Ali
Bombay Natural History Society Bombay, India
Dr. Rudolph Altevogt Professor, Zoological Institute, University of Münster Münster, Germany
Dr. Renate Angermann Curator, Institute of Zoology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
Edward A. Armstrong Cambridge University Cambridge, England
Dr. Peter Ax
Professor, Second Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
Dr. Franz Bachmaier
Zoological Collection of the State of
Bavaria
Munich, Germany
Dr. Pedru Banarescu
Academy of the Roumanian Socialist
Republic, Trajan Savulescu Institute of
Biology
Bucharest, Romania
Dr. A. G. Bannikow Professor, Institute of Veterinary Medicine Moscow, Russia
Dr. Hilde Baumgärtner
Zoological Collection of the State of
Bavaria
Munich, Germany C. W. Benson
Department of Zoology, Cambridge
University
Cambridge, England
Dr. Andrew Berger Chairman, Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
Dr. J. Berlioz
National Museum of Natural
History
Paris, France
Dr. Rudolf Berndt Director, Institute for Population Ecology, Hiligoland Ornithological Station
Braunschweig, Germany Dieter Blume
Instructor of Biology, Freiherr-vom-Stein School Gladenbach, Germany
Dr. Maximilian Boecker Zoological Research Institute and A. Koenig Museum Bonn, Germany
Dr. Carl-Heinz Brandes Curator and Director, The Aquarium, Overseas Museum Bremen, Germany
Dr. Donald G. Broadley Curator, Umtali Museum Mutare, Zimbabwe
Director; Game, Forest, and Fields Research Station Hartenholm, Germany
Dr. Herbert Bruns
Director, Institute of Zoology and the Protection of Life Schlangenbad, Germany
Hans Bub
Heligoland Ornithological Station Wilhelmshaven, Germany
A. H. Chisholm Sydney, Australia
Herbert Thomas Condon Curator of Birds, South Australian Museum
Adelaide, Australia
Dr. Eberhard Curio Director, Laboratory of Ethology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
Dr. Serge Daan
Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Heinrich Dathe Professor and Director, Animal Park and Zoological Research Station, German Academy of Sciences Berlin, Germany
Dr. Wolfgang Dierl
Zoological Collection of the State of
Bavaria
Munich, Germany
Dr. Fritz Dieterlen Zoological Research Institute and A. Koenig Museum Bonn, Germany
Dr. Rolf Dircksen Professor, Pedagogical Institute Bielefeld, Germany
Josef Donner Instructor of Biology Katzelsdorf, Austria
Dr. Jean Dorst
Professor, National Museum of Natural History Paris, France
Dr. Gerti Dücker Professor and Chief Curator, Zoological Institute, University of Münster
Münster, Germany
Dr. Michael Dzwillo Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt Professor and Director, Institute of Human Ethology, Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology Percha/Starnberg, Germany
Dr. Martin Eisentraut Professor and Director, Zoological Research Institute and A. Koenig Museum Bonn, Germany
Dr. Eberhard Ernst Swiss Tropical Institute Basel, Switzerland
R. D. Etchecopar Director, National Museum of Natural History Paris, France
Director, Dominion Museum
Wellington, New Zealand
Dr. Hubert Fechter Curator, Lower Animals, Zoological Collection of the State of Bavaria Munich, Germany
Dr. Walter Fiedler Docent, University of Vienna, and Director, Schönbrunn Zoo Vienna, Austria
Wolfgang Fischer
Inspector of Animals, Animal Park
Berlin, Germany
Dr. C. A. Fleming Geological Survey Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Dr. Hans Frädrich Zoological Garden Berlin, Germany
Dr. Hans-Albrecht Freye Professor and Director, Biological Institute of the Medical School Halle a.d.S., Germany
Günther E. Freytag Former Director, Reptile and Amphibian Collection, Museum of Cultural History in Magdeburg Berlin, Germany
Dr. Herbert Friedmann Director, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Dr. H. Friedrich Professor, Overseas Museum Bremen, Germany
Dr. Jan Frijlink
Zoological Laboratory, University of Amsterdam
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. H. C. Karl Von Frisch Professor Emeritus and former Director, Zoological Institute, University of Munich Munich, Germany
Dr. H. J. Frith C.S.I.R.O. Research Institute Canberra, Australia
Academy of the Roumanian Socialist Republic, Trajan Savulescu Institute of Biology
Bucharest, Romania
Dr. Carl Gans
Professor, Department of Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York, U.S.A. Dr. Rudolf Geigy
Professor and Director, Swiss Tropical Institute
Basel, Switzerland
Dr. Jacques Gery St. Genies, France
Dr. Wolfgang Gewalt Director, Animal Park Duisburg, Germany
Dr. H. C. Viktor Goerttler ON
Professor Emeritus, University of Jena RI
Jena, Germany UT
Dr. Friedrich Goethe T
Director, Institute of Ornithology, T Heligoland Ornithological Station E
Wilhelmshaven, Germany IR
Dr. Ulrich F. Gruber EDIT Herpetological Section, Zoological O Research Institute and A. Koenig Museum Bonn, Germany
Dr. H. R. Haefelfinger Museum of Natural History Basel, Switzerland
Dr. Theodor Haltenorth Director, Mammalology, Zoological Collection of the State of Bavaria Munich, Germany
Barbara Harrisson
Sarawak Museum, Kuching, Borneo
Dr. Francois Haverschmidt President, High Court (retired) Paramaribo, Suriname
Dr. Heinz Heck
Director, Catskill Game Farm
Dr. Lutz Heck
Professor (retired), and Director, Zoological Garden, Berlin Wiesbaden, Germany
Dr. H. C. Heini Hediger Director, Zoological Garden Zurich, Switzerland
Dr. Dietrich Heinemann
Director, Zoological Garden, Münster
Dörnigheim, Germany
Dr. Helmut Hemmer Institute for Physiological Zoology, University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
Dr. W. G. Heptner Professor, Zoological Museum, University of Moscow Moscow, Russia
Dr. Konrad Herter Professor Emeritus and Director (retired), Zoological Institute, Free University of Berlin Berlin, Germany
Dr. Hans Rudolf Heusser Zoological Museum, University of Zurich
Zurich, Switzerland
Dr. Emil Otto Höhn Associate Professor of Physiology, University of Alberta Edmonton, Canada
Dr. W. Hohorst
Professor and Director, Parasitological Institute, Farbwerke Hoechst A.G. Frankfurt-Höchst, Germany
Dr. Folkhart Hückinghaus Director, Senckenbergische Anatomy, University of Frankfurt a.M. Frankfurt a.M., Germany
Francois Hüe
National Museum of Natural History Paris, France
Dr. K. Immelmann Professor, Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig Braunschweig, Germany
Dr. Junichiro Itani Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
Dr. Richard F. Johnston Professor of Zoology, University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. Otto Jost
Oberstudienrat, Freiherr-vom-Stein
Gymnasium
Fulda, Germany
Dr. Paul Kähsbauer
Curator, Fishes, Museum of Natural
History
Vienna, Austria
Dr. Ludwig Karbe Zoological State Institute and Museum
Hamburg, Germany
Dr. N. N. Kartaschew Docent, Department of Biology, Lomonossow State University Moscow, Russia
Dr. Werner Kästle Oberstudienrat, Gisela Gymnasium Munich, Germany
Dr. Reinhard Kaufmann Field Station of the Tropical Institute, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
Santa Marta, Colombia
Dr. Masao Kawai
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University
Kyoto, Japan
Dr. Ernst F. Kilian
Professor, Giessen University and
Catedratico Universidad Australia,
Valdivia-Chile
Giessen, Germany
Dr. Ragnar Kinzelbach Institute for General Zoology, University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
Dr. Heinrich Kirchner Landwirtschaftsrat (retired) Bad Oldesloe, Germany
Dr. Rosl Kirchshofer Zoological Garden, University of Frankfurt a.M. Frankfurt a.M., Germany
Dr. Wolfgang Klausewitz Curator, Senckenberg Nature Museum and Research Institute Frankfurt a.M., Germany
Dr. Konrad Klemmer Curator, Senckenberg Nature Museum and Research Institute Frankfurt a.M., Germany
Dr. Erich Klinghammer Laboratory of Ethology, Purdue University
Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
Dr. Heinz-Georg Klös
Professor and Director, Zoological
Garden
Berlin, Germany
Ursula Klös Zoological Garden Berlin, Germany
Dr. Otto Koehler Professor Emeritus, Zoological Institute, University of Freiburg Freiburg i. BR., Germany
Dr. Kurt Kolar
Institute of Ethology, Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna, Austria
State Ornithological Station of BadenWürttemberg Ludwigsburg, Germany
Dr. Adriaan Kortlandt
Zoological Laboratory, University of
Amsterdam
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Dr. Helmut Kraft
Professor and Scientific Councillor,
Medical Animal Clinic, University of
Munich
Munich, Germany
Dr. Helmut Kramer Zoological Research Institute and A. Koenig Museum Bonn, Germany
Dr. Franz Krapp
Zoological Institute, University of Freiburg
Freiburg, Switzerland Dr. Otto Kraus
Professor, University of Hamburg, and Director, Zoological Institute and Museum
Hamburg, Germany Dr. Hans Krieg
Professor and First Director (retired), Scientific Collections of the State of Bavaria
Munich, Germany
Dr. Heinrich Kühl Federal Research Institute for Fisheries, Cuxhaven Laboratory Cuxhaven, Germany
Dr. Oskar Kuhn Professor, formerly University Halle/Saale Munich, Germany
Dr. Hans Kumerloeve First Director (retired), State Scientific Museum, Vienna Munich, Germany
Dr. Nagamichi Kuroda Yamashina Ornithological Institute, Shibuya-Ku Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Fred Kurt
Zoological Museum of Zurich University, Smithsonian Elephant Survey
Colombo, Ceylon
Dr. Werner Ladiges Professor and Chief Curator, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
Leslie Laidlaw
Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
Dr. Ernst M. Lang Director, Zoological Garden Basel, Switzerland
Dr. Theodor Mebs Instructor of Biology Weissenhaus/Ostsee, Germany
Dr. Alfredo Langguth Department of Zoology, Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, University of the Republic Montevideo, Uruguay
Leo Lehtonen Science Writer Helsinki, Finland
Bernd Leisler
Second Zoological Institute, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
Dr. Kurt Lillelund Professor and Director, Institute for Hydrobiology and Fishery Sciences, University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Gerlof Fokko Mees Curator of Birds, Rijks Museum of Natural History Leiden, The Netherlands
Hermann Meinken
Director, Fish Identification Institute,
Bremen, Germany
Dr. Wilhelm Meise Chief Curator, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany ra
Dr. Joachim Messtorff O
Field Station of the Federal Fisheries S Research Institute O
Bremerhaven, Germany H
R. Liversidge
Alexander MacGregor Memorial Museum
Kimberley, South Africa
Dr. Konrad Lorenz Professor and Director, Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology Seewiesen/Obb., Germany
Dr. Marian Mlynarski T
Professor, Polish Academy of D
Sciences, Institute for Systematic and O
Experimental Zoology N Cracow, Poland
Dr. Walburga Moeller Nature Museum Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Martin Lühmann Federal Research Institute for the Breeding of Small Animals Celle, Germany
Dr. Johannes Lüttschwager Oberstudienrat (retired) Heidelberg, Germany
Dr. Wolfgang Makatsch Bautzen, Germany
Dr. Hubert Markl
Professor and Director, Zoological
Institute, Technical University of
Darmstadt
Darmstadt, Germany
Basil J. Marlow , BSc (Hons) Curator, Australian Museum Sydney, Australia
Dr. H. C. Erna Mohr Curator (retired), Zoological State Institute and Museum Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Karl-Heinz Moll Waren/Müritz, Germany
Dr. Detlev Müller-Using Professor, Institute for Game Management, University of Göttingen Hannoversch-Münden, Germany
Werner Münster Instructor of Biology Ebersbach, Germany
Dr. Joachim Münzing Altona Museum Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Wilbert Neugebauer Wilhelma Zoo
Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Germany Dr. Ian Newton
Senior Scientific Officer, The Nature
Conservancy
Edinburgh, Scotland
Dr. Jürgen Nicolai
Max Planck Institute for Behavioral
Physiology
Seewiesen/Obb., Germany
Dr. Günther Niethammer Professor, Zoological Research Institute and A. Koenig Museum Bonn, Germany
Dr. Bernhard Nievergelt Zoological Museum, University of Zurich
Zurich, Switzerland Dr. C. C. Olrog
Institut Miguel Lillo San Miguel de Tucuman
Tucuman, Argentina Alwin Pedersen
Mammal Research and Arctic Explorer Holte, Denmark
Dr. Dieter Stefan Peters Nature Museum and Senckenberg Research Institute Frankfurt a.M., Germany
Dr. Nicolaus Peters Scientific Councillor and Docent, Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries, University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Hans-Günter Petzold Assistant Director, Zoological Garden Berlin, Germany
Dr. Rudolf Piechocki Docent, Zoological Institute, University of Halle Halle a.d.S., Germany
Dr. Ivo Poglayen-Neuwall Director, Zoological Garden Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.
Dr. Egon Popp
Zoological Collection of the State of Bavaria
Munich, Germany
Dr. H. C. Adolf Portmann Professor Emeritus, Zoological Institute, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
Hans Psenner
Professor and Director, Alpine Zoo Innsbruck, Austria
Dr. Heinz-Siburd Raethel Oberveterinärrat Berlin, Germany
Professor, Museum of Natural History Basel, Switzerland
Dr. Werner Rathmayer Biology Institute, University of Konstanz
Konstanz, Germany
Walter Reinhard Biologist
Baden-Baden, Germany
Federal Fisheries Research Institute
Bremerhaven, Germany
Dr. Bernhard Rensch Professor Emeritus, Zoological Institute, University of Münster Münster, Germany
Dr. Vernon Reynolds Docent, Department of Sociology, University of Bristol Bristol, England
Dr. Rupert Riedl
Professor, Department of Zoology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Dr. Peter Rietschel Professor (retired), Zoological Institute, University of Frankfurt a.M. Frankfurt a.M., Germany
Dr. Siegfried Rietschel Docent, University of Frankfurt; Curator, Nature Museum and Research Institute Senckenberg Frankfurt a.M., Germany
Herbert Ringleben Institute of Ornithology, Heligoland Ornithological Station Wilhelmshaven, Germany
Institute for General Zoology, Ruhr
University
Bochum, Germany
Dr. Peter Röben Academic Councillor, Zoological Institute, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany
Dr. Anton E. M. De Roo Royal Museum of Central Africa Tervuren, South Africa
Dr. Hubert Saint Girons Research Director, Center for National Scientific Research Brunoy (Essonne), France
Dr. Luitfried Von Salvini-Plawen First Zoological Institute, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
Dr. Kurt Sanft Oberstudienrat, Diesterweg-Gymnasium Berlin, Germany
Dr. E. G. Franz Sauer Professor, Zoological Research Institute and A. Koenig Museum, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
Dr. Eleonore M. Sauer Zoological Research Institute and A. Koenig Museum, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
Dr. Ernst Schäfer
Curator, State Museum of Lower
Saxony
Hannover, Germany
Dr. Friedrich Schaller Professor and Chairman, First Zoological Institute, University of Vienna
Vienna, Austria
Dr. George B. Schaller Serengeti Research Institute, Michael Grzimek Laboratory Seronera, Tanzania
Dr. Georg Scheer
Chief Curator and Director,
Zoological Institute, State Museum of
Hesse
Darmstadt, Germany
Dr. Christoph Scherpner Zoological Garden Frankfurt a.M., Germany
Dr. Herbert Schifter
Bird Collection, Museum of Natural
History
Vienna, Austria
Dr. Marco Schnitter Zoological Museum, Zurich University Zurich, Switzerland
Dr. Kurt Schubert
Federal Fisheries Research Institute
Hamburg, Germany
Eugen Schuhmacher
Director, Animals Films, I.U.C.N.
Munich, Germany
Dr. Thomas Schultze-Westrum Zoological Institute, University of Munich
Munich, Germany Dr. Ernst Schut
Professor and Director (retired), State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Germany
Dr. Alexander F. Skutch Professor of Ornithology, University of Costa Rica
San Isidro del General, Costa Rica
Dr. Everhard J. Slijper Professor, Zoological Laboratory, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Bertram E. Smythies Curator (retired), Division of Forestry Management, Sarawak-Malaysia Estepona, Spain
Dr. Kenneth E. Stager Chief Curator, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Dr. H. C. Georg H. W. Stein Professor, Curator of Mammals, Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
Dr. Joachim Steinbacher Curator, Nature Museum and Senckenberg Research Institute Frankfurt a.M., Germany
Dr. Bernard Stonehouse Canterbury University Christchurch, New Zealand
Dr. Richard Zur Strassen Curator, Nature Museum and Senckenberg Research Institute Frandfurt a.M., Germany
Dr. Adelheid Studer-Thiersch Zoological Garden Basel, Switzerland
Dr. Ernst Sutter Museum of Natural History Basel, Switzerland
Ellen Thaler-Kottek
Institute of Zoology, University of
Innsbruck
Innsbruck, Austria
Dr. Erich Thenius Professor and Director, Institute of Paleontolgy, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
Dr. Niko Tinbergen Professor of Animal Behavior, Department of Zoology, Oxford University Oxford, England
Alexander Tsurikov Lecturer, University of Munich Munich, Germany
Dr. Wolfgang Villwock Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
Zdenek Vogel
Director, Suchdol Herpetological Station
Prague, Czechoslovakia
Dieter Vogt Schorndorf, Germany
Dr. Jiri Volf Zoological Garden Prague, Czechoslovakia
Otto Wadewitz Leipzig, Germany
Dr. Helmut O. Wagner
Director (retired), Overseas Museum,
Bremen
Mexico City, Mexico
Dr. Fritz Walther
Professor, Texas A & M University
College Station, Texas, U.S.A.
Associate Curator, American Museum of Natural History
Dr. Fritz Terofal
Director, Fish Collection, Zoological Collection of the State of Bavaria Munich, Germany
John Warham
Zoology Department, Canterbury University
Christchurch, New Zealand
Dr. Helmut Sick National Museum Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Dr. G. F. Van Tets Wildlife Research Canberra, Australia
Dr. Sherwood L. Washburn University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
Eberhard Wawra
First Zoological Institute, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
Dr. Ingrid Weigel
Zoological Collection of the State of Bavaria
Munich, Germany
Dr. B. Weischer Institute of Nematode Research, Federal Biological Institute Münster/Westfalen, Germany
Herbert Wendt Author, Natural History Baden-Baden, Germany
Dr. Heinz Wermuth
Chief Curator, State Nature Museum,
Stuttgart
Ludwigsburg, Germany
Dr. Wolfgang Von Westernhagen Preetz/Holstein, Germany
Dr. Alexander Wetmore United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Dr. Dietrich E. Wilcke Röttgen, Germany
Dr. Helmut Wilkens Professor and Director, Institute of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine
Hannover, Germany
Hans Edmund Wolters Zoological Research Institute and A. Koenig Museum Bonn, Germany
Dr. Arnfrid Wünschmann Research Associate, Zoological Garden Berlin, Germany
Instructor, Wilhelms Gymnasium
Munich, Germany
Dr. Heinz Wundt
Zoological Collection of the State of Bavaria
Munich, Germany
Dr. Claus-Dieter Zander Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
Dr. Fritz Zumpt Director, Entomology and Parasitology, South African Institute for Medical Research Johannesburg, South Africa
Dr. Richard L. Zusi Curator of Birds, United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution
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